Ten ways remote sensing can contribute to conservation

In an effort to increase conservation effectiveness through the use of Earth observation technologies, a group of remote sensing scientists affiliated with government and academic institutions and conservation organizations identified 10 questions in conservation for which the potential to be answered would be greatly increased by use of remotely sensed data and analyses of those data. Our goals were to increase conservation practitioners’ use of remote sensing to support their work, increase collaboration between the conservation science and remote sensing communities, identify and develop new and innovative uses of remote sensing for advancing conservation science, provide guidance to space agencies on how future satellite missions can support conservation science, and generate support from the public and private sector in the use of remote sensing data to address the 10 conservation questions. We identified a broad initial list of questions on the basis of an email chain‐referral survey. We then used a workshop‐based iterative and collaborative approach to whittle the list down to these final questions (which represent 10 major themes in conservation): How can global Earth observation data be used to model species distributions and abundances? How can remote sensing improve the understanding of animal movements? How can remotely sensed ecosystem variables be used to understand, monitor, and predict ecosystem response and resilience to multiple stressors? How can remote sensing be used to monitor the effects of climate on ecosystems? How can near real‐time ecosystem monitoring catalyze threat reduction, governance and regulation compliance, and resource management decisions? How can remote sensing inform configuration of protected area networks at spatial extents relevant to populations of target species and ecosystem services? How can remote sensing‐derived products be used to value and monitor changes in ecosystem services? How can remote sensing be used to monitor and evaluate the effectiveness of conservation efforts? How does the expansion and intensification of agriculture and aquaculture alter ecosystems and the services they provide? How can remote sensing be used to determine the degree to which ecosystems are being disturbed or degraded and the effects of these changes on species and ecosystem functions?     

高锰酸盐指数测定方法的现状及研究动态

较为全面地论述了高锰酸盐指数测定方法的发展及研究现状,指出研究试剂用量少、分析速度快、省时节能、简单易行,能同时测定多个样品的CODMn测定方法具有极为重要的意义,而研究与应用适应性强、污染少、运行可靠、性价比高的高锰酸盐指数在线监测仪则是CODMn监测的发展趋势。     

咸潮预警值设定的研究

为研究咸潮预警,上海某饮用水源地安装了蓝色卫士水质综合预警系统。采用实验室配制人工海水模拟减潮,通过动态实验研究蓝色卫士的成潮预警值。试验证明,成潮预警值设定范围为1．6～1．8较好。经过连续1a自动监测,蓝色卫士共准确预警预报两次成潮,成功保障了该水源地的饮水安全。     

遥感技术在环境监测中的应用研究

随着经济的发展出现了很多环境问题。遥感技术能够准确、快速的获取相关的环境信息,这已经成为现阶段我国环境监测的主要手段。本文主要对遥感技术在环境监测各个领域中的运用进行研究。     

硒汞相互作用及机理研究进展

硒汞相互作用研究在过去近半个世纪以来一直都是汞(硒)环境化学和毒理学及相关学科研究的重要领域之一,尤其在近10年内,对该领域的研究和认识取得了重要突破, 国际上几乎每年都会出现与之相关的综述或评论。相比之下,国内期刊报道与之相关的综述文献并不多见。本文对这一领域的研究进展进行了尽可能详尽的系统介绍,并就重要问题阐述了相关观点并提出建议。内容上涵盖了"自然条件环境下硒汞相互作用及机理(包括水生生态系统和陆地生态系统)"、"哺乳动物(及人体)的硒汞相互作用及机理",以及"汞污染风险的新评估模式及相关建议"等三大部分。希望能对国内感兴趣的相关科研人员和环境管理工作者了解该领域的发展和动态起到一定的帮助。     

鲁南经济带"城市走廊"战略研究

城市走廊是区域发展的一种重要空间布局方式和发展策略.鲁南经济带规划的科学、高效实施对于鲁南地区加快发展,摆脱落后局面具有重大意义.规划建设鲁南"城市走廊"无疑是实施鲁南经济带规划的必然选择,更是关键措施.鲁南经济带"城市走廊"的空间结构基本呈"之"字形态,组团式发展,可以形成区域1个核心增长极、5个圈层型中小城市群、6个三角形特色小城市经济增长带;城市走廊的轴线发展趋势为"三纵两横".建设鲁南"城市走廊",需要优化产业分工,提升区域工业化水平;优化区域空闻结构,培育核心增长极,打造小城市群,尤其需要精心打造兖州-曲阜-邹城-滕州-微山-薛城-枣庄市中区-峄城区-台儿庄核心经济走廊,形成大中小城市合理布局发展的良好体系;尽快建设南部东西方向快速交通干线,建立区域共建互动机制,使鲁南"城市走廊"成为区域发展、产业振兴的动力和源泉.     

System Dynamics to Sustainable Water Resources Management in the Eastern Snake Plain Aquifer Under Water Supply Uncertainty1

Abstract: Water supply uncertainty continues to threaten the reliability of regional water resources in the western United States. Climate variability and water dispute potentials induce water managers to develop proactive adaptive management strategies to mitigate future hydroclimate impacts. The Eastern Snake Plain Aquifer in the state of Idaho is also facing these challenges in the sense that population growth and economic development strongly depend on reliable water resources from underground storage. Drought and subsequent water conflict often drive scientific research and political agendas because water resources availability and aquifer management for a sustainable rural economy are of great interest. In this study, a system dynamics approach is applied to address dynamically complex problems with management of the aquifer and associated surface‐water and groundwater interactions. Recharge and discharge dynamics within the aquifer system are coded in an environmental modeling framework to identify long‐term behavior of aquifer responses to uncertain future hydrological variability. The research shows that the system dynamics approach is a promising modeling tool to develop sustainable water resources planning and management in a collaborative decision‐making framework and also to provide useful insights and alternative opportunities for operational management, policy support, and participatory strategic planning to mitigate future hydroclimate impacts in human dimensions.     

石油类污染物自然衰减能力现场试验验证研究

在北京地区某加油站开展的前期石油类污染物自然衰减现场试验的基础上,进一步开展了验证试验,结果表明本次试验得到的挥发性有机物(VOCs)变化趋势及O2、CO2含量沿土壤深度分布和前期试验结果呈现相同的规律,说明基于自然衰减法设计实施的加油站现场试验检测分析结果可靠,试验方法具有合理性、可操作性及可重复性.进一步的理论分析对前期试验结果进行了验证,得出以下结论:(1)通过氧平衡和碳平衡计算对加油站土壤内的自然衰减方式进行评价,验证了该加油站地下土壤中实际发生的微生物降解既有需氧降解也有厌氧降解；(2)利用有机物的一级衰减模型对该污染现场土壤中石油类污染物的降解速率和半衰期进行计算表明,2次试验计算得到的石油类污染物的半衰期基本一致,该污染现场石油类污染物的半衰期为50 d左右；(3)在此基础上,对该加油站包气带土壤的自然衰减能力和环境质量进行评价,2次试验结果均表明该污染现场在自然衰减的作用下已经不存在环境风险.     

气候变化经济学研究综述

对近10 a来国内外有关气候变化经济学研究成果作了综述。气候变化经济学是一门研究人类干预气候变化过程中涉及经济过程的学科。当前的研究热点包括气候变化的经济影响、适应措施的成本和收益、国际合作机制和涉及代际公平的折现率选取。 在研究方法上，对得到广泛运用的成本收益分析法和碳税机制作了详细的评述。在应用层面上，欧美发达国家在城市气候变化经济评估系统建立和碳税征收方面都有成功的应用，但我国在这方面的实践还处于起步阶段。对于我国气候变化经济学领域的研究来说，比较适合在发达省份以市域或省域为单位开展成本收益评估，发展中省份则应将更多关注放在评估气候变化可能造成的经济损害及相应的防范措施。此外，我国也应关注在欧盟地区实施较为成功的碳税政策，虽然目前在中国开征碳税的可能性较低，但是对碳税在中国实施的可行性、税率选取及立法保障机制等方面的探讨和研究仍是必要的     

水利旅游吸引力评价模型与实证研究

水利旅游是水利经济的新兴增长点，吸引力评价是旅游开发的基础性研究。借鉴引力理论，构建了由25个指标组成的水利旅游吸引力评价指标体系，运用AHP—PCA—Borda主客观组合评价法，对我国水利旅游吸引力进行了实证评价。结果表明，水利旅游吸引力地区不平衡，江苏、广东、山东、湖北、河南、浙江、湖南、北京和江西等省水利旅游吸引力较强，西部省份和处于我国版图中轴线附近的省份水利旅游吸引力较弱。